Task 1 – Long reading

Read the following text about a cultural and historical topic and answer the 15 questions

The Timeless Appeal of Classical Architecture

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Classical architecture, deeply rooted in the traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, has exerted an unparalleled influence on building design across centuries and continents. Characterized by its emphasis on order, symmetry, proportion, and harmony, it laid down a set of aesthetic principles that continue to resonate today. From the majestic temples of Athens to the grand public buildings of Imperial Rome, these early structures provided a blueprint for beauty and functionality, inspiring architects for millennia.

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Key features of classical architecture include distinct orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), each with unique column designs and decorative elements. The pediment, a triangular gable typically surmounting a portico, and the frieze, a broad horizontal band of sculpted decoration, are also hallmarks. These elements were not merely ornamental; they conveyed meaning and often depicted mythological scenes or historical events. The meticulous mathematical ratios used in their construction, such as the Golden Ratio, aimed to achieve visual perfection and a sense of balance.

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The legacy of classical architecture extends far beyond antiquity. During the Renaissance, there was a fervent revival of classical ideals, as architects like Andrea Palladio meticulously studied ancient Roman ruins and texts, adapting their principles for new churches and villas. Later, in the 18th century, Neoclassicism emerged, reflecting a renewed interest in the severe grandeur of ancient Rome, influencing public buildings, museums, and even residential homes across Europe and America. Think of iconic structures like the British Museum or the U.S. Capitol Building.

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While admired for its beauty and longevity, classical architecture is not without its critics. Some argue that its strict rules and emphasis on tradition can stifle innovation and lead to repetitive designs. Others suggest that its monumental scale can sometimes feel imposing or exclusive, rather than inclusive. Furthermore, its historical association with empires and power has led some to view it as a symbol of colonial dominance in certain contexts.

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Despite these criticisms, the principles of classical architecture remain highly relevant. Its focus on human scale, clarity, and enduring materials continues to inform contemporary design, even in buildings that don't overtly mimic ancient styles. Modern architects often draw inspiration from its spatial relationships, structural logic, and the timeless pursuit of balance and beauty. Its ability to create a sense of permanence and grandeur ensures its continued presence in our built environment, adapting and influencing new generations of designers.