Task 1 – Long reading

Read the following text about a cultural phenomenon and answer the 15 questions.

The Global Rise of Coffee Culture

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Coffee, more than just a beverage, has evolved into a global cultural phenomenon, deeply ingrained in daily routines and social rituals worldwide. Originating in Ethiopia and spreading through the Arab world centuries ago, coffee houses quickly became centers of intellectual and social exchange. From the bustling cafes of 17th-century London, where news and ideas were hotly debated, to the elegant Parisian salons of the 18th century, where philosophical discussions flourished, coffee has consistently provided a backdrop for human connection and creativity. Today, this tradition continues, albeit in new forms, with coffee shops serving as vital community hubs.

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The shift towards "third wave" coffee has significantly impacted its modern consumption. This movement emphasizes coffee as an artisanal product, focusing on its origin, bean quality, roasting process, and brewing techniques. Consumers are increasingly interested in single-origin beans, ethically sourced coffee, and intricate brewing methods like pour-overs and AeroPress. This heightened appreciation for quality has led to a boom in specialty coffee shops, where baristas are trained professionals, akin to sommeliers for wine, guiding customers through diverse flavour profiles and origins. The experience is no longer just about a caffeine fix, but a sensory journey.

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Beyond the cup itself, coffee culture has influenced urban landscapes and social dynamics. Many cities now boast a thriving cafe scene, with each establishment offering a unique atmosphere, from minimalist designs to cozy, bohemian vibes. These spaces often serve as informal workspaces, meeting points, or simply havens for quiet reflection. The rise of remote work has further solidified the role of cafes as "third places" – environments separate from home and work, where individuals can feel a sense of belonging and community. This trend highlights coffee's ability to foster connection in an increasingly digital world.

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However, the global coffee boom also presents challenges. The environmental impact of coffee cultivation, particularly deforestation and water usage, is a growing concern. Additionally, issues of fair trade and sustainable farming practices are crucial. Many coffee farmers, particularly in developing countries, struggle to earn a living wage despite the high prices consumers pay for specialty coffee. This disparity raises important questions about the ethics of consumption and the need for greater transparency and equitable distribution within the coffee supply chain.

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Despite these challenges, coffee's future as a cultural staple seems secure. Innovation continues, with new brewing technologies, sustainable farming initiatives, and diverse coffee-based beverages constantly emerging. Moreover, coffee culture remains a powerful driver of social interaction and personal ritual. Whether it's the morning ritual at home, a quick grab-and-go from a local shop, or a leisurely afternoon spent with friends in a cafe, coffee continues to adapt and thrive, reflecting the ever-evolving tastes and needs of a global society.