Task 1 – Long reading

Read the following text about a contemporary urban topic and answer the 15 questions

The Vital Role of Green Spaces in Modern Cities

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As urban populations continue to grow, the importance of green spaces within cities has become increasingly recognized. These areas, which include parks, gardens, tree-lined streets, and even vertical farms, are far more than just aesthetic additions. They are crucial components of healthy, livable cities, offering a myriad of benefits to both the environment and their inhabitants. Urban planning now frequently integrates green infrastructure as a core element, moving beyond mere decoration to essential ecosystem services.

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One of the most significant advantages of urban green spaces is their positive impact on public health. Numerous studies have shown that access to nature can reduce stress levels, improve mental well-being, and even lower the incidence of certain physical ailments. Residents living near parks tend to engage in more physical activity, leading to reduced risks of obesity and heart disease. Furthermore, green areas provide opportunities for social interaction, fostering community bonds and reducing feelings of isolation among city dwellers.

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Beyond human well-being, green spaces play a critical role in environmental sustainability. Trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate the urban heat island effect by providing shade and releasing moisture. They also act as natural air filters, trapping pollutants and improving air quality. Permeable surfaces in parks, such as soil and grass, help manage stormwater runoff, reducing the burden on drainage systems and preventing localized flooding. Biodiversity is also enhanced, providing habitats for various plant and animal species within the urban fabric.

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Despite these clear benefits, the creation and maintenance of urban green spaces face considerable challenges. Limited land availability in densely populated areas often leads to high acquisition costs. Competition for space from commercial and residential developments can also hinder green infrastructure projects. Funding is another persistent issue, as municipal budgets are frequently stretched thin. Additionally, ensuring equitable access to green spaces across all socioeconomic areas of a city requires careful planning and political will.

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Looking ahead, innovative solutions are emerging to overcome these hurdles. Rooftop gardens, vertical forests on buildings, and community-led park initiatives are gaining traction. Smart urban planning is increasingly focused on creating interconnected green networks rather than isolated parks, maximizing ecological and social benefits. Citizen engagement and public-private partnerships are also vital in advocating for and sustaining these crucial urban assets. The future of resilient and healthy cities undoubtedly lies in prioritizing and expanding their green heart.